[Ebook PDF] Vold’s Theoretical Criminology, 7th Edition

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[Ebook PDF] Vold’s Theoretical Criminology, 7th Edition

ISBN-13: 978-0199964154
ISBN-10: 0199964157

Author: Thomas J. Bernard (Author), Jeffrey B. Snipes (Author), Alexander L. Gerould (Author), George B. Vold (Author)

The standard text in the field, Vold’s Theoretical Criminology is universally known by scholars in the discipline. Taking a largely historical approach, it discusses both classic and contemporary theories, presenting historical context and empirical research for each one. The book concludes with a chapter on assessing theories and their policy implications.

CONTENTS
Preface •••
Xlll
CHAPTER I THEORY AND CRIME I
Spiritual Explanations 1
Natural Explanations 3
Scientific Theories 4
Causation in Scientific Theories 4
Three Frames of Reference 7
Relationships Among the Three Frames of Reference 8
KeyTerms 10
Discussion Qyestions 10
CHAPTER 2 THEORY AND POLICY IN CONTEXT:
THE GREAT AMERICAN CRIME DECLINE 14
Crime in the United States: The Past Half-Century 15
Two Opposing Narratives of the Crime Wave 16
Explaining the 1990s Decline 21
The City That Became Safe 29
Conclusions 31
KeyTerms 32
Discussion Qyestions 32
CHAPTER 3 CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY 37
The Social and Intellectual Background of Classical
Criminology 37
Beccaria and the Classical School 39
From Classical Theory to Deterrence Research 41
Three Types of Deterrence Research 43
Rational Choice and Offending 46
••
Vll
viii CONTENTS
Routine Activities and Victimization 48
Focused Deterrence: Operation Ceasefire 49
Conclusions 52
KeyTerms 53
Discussion Qyestions 54
CHAPTER 4 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR 62
Background: Physical Appearance and Defectiveness 62
Lombroso, the ”Born Criminal,” and Positivist
Criminology 63
Goring’s Refutation of the ”Born Criminal” 65
Body Type Theories 66
Family Studies 68
Twin and Adoption Studies 69
MAOA: The ”Warrior” Gene 72
Hormones 74
The Central Nervous System 75
The Autonomic Nervous System 76
Environmentally Induced Biological Components
ofBehavior 77
Implications and Conclusions 80
KeyTerms 81
Discussion Qyestions 81
CHAPTER 5 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR 90
Intelligence and Crime: Background Ideas and Concepts 91
IQTests and Criminal Behavior 91
Delinquency, Race, and IQ 94
Interpreting the Association Between Delinquency and IQ 96
Personality and Criminal Behavior 97
Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder 99
Clinical Prediction of Future Dangerousness 100
Actuarial Prediction of Later Crime and Delinquency 101
Depression and Delinquency 102
Impulsivity and Crime 103
Policy Implications of Personality Research 106
Conclusions 107
Key Terms 108
Discussion Qyestions 108
CHAPTER 6 DURKHEIM, ANOMIE,
AND MODERNIZATION 118
Emile Durkheim 119
Crime as Normal in Mechanical Societies 120
Contents ix
Anomie as a Pathological State in Organic Societies 123
Durkheim’s Theory of Crime 126
Conclusion 130
Key Terms 131
Discussion Qyestions 131
CHAPTER 7 NEIGHBORHOODS AND CRIME 136
The Theory of Human Ecology 136
Research in the ”Delinquency Areas” of Chicago 139
Policy Implications 142
Residential Succession, Social Disorganization,
and Crime 144
Sampson’s Theory of Collective Efficacy 146
Crime in Public Housing 149
Expanding Interest in Neighborhood Social Processes 152
Implications and Conclusions 154
Key Terms 156
Discussion Qyestions 156
CHAPTER 8 STRAIN THEORIES 162
Robert K. Merton and Anomie in American
Society 162
Strain as the Explanation of Gang Delinquency 167
1960s Strain-Based Policies 170
The Decline and Resurgence of Strain Theories 170
Strain in Individuals 172
Strain in Societies 175
Conclusion 178
Key Terms 179
Discussion Qyestions 179
x CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9 LEARNING THEORIES 186
Basic Psychological Approaches to Learning 187
Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory 188
Research Testing Sutherland’s Theory 191
The Content of Learning: Cultural and Subcultural
Theories 193
The Learning Process: Social Learning Theory 198
Athens’s Theory of ”Violentization” 200
Katz’s Seductions of Crime 203
Zimbardo’s Lucifer Effect 204
Implications 206
Conclusions 207
Key Terms 208
Discussion Qyestions 208
CHAPTER 10 CONTROL THEORIES 217
Early Control Theories: Reiss to Nye 217
Matza’s Delinquency and Drift 220
Hirschi’s Social Control Theory 222
Assessing Social Control Theory 225
Gottfredson and Hirschi’s A General 1heory of Crime 226
Assessing Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory 228
Implications and Conclusions 232
Key Terms 233
Discussion Qyestions 234
CHAPTER 11 LABELING THEORIES AND CONFLICT
CRIMINOLOGY 241
Labeling Theories 242
Early Conflict Theories: Sellin and Vold 245
Conflict Theories in a Time of Conflict: Turk, Qyinney,
and Chambliss and Seidman 247
Black’s Theory of the Behavior of Law 251
A Unified Conflict Theory of Crime 254
Testing Conflict Criminology 256
Implications and Conclusions 260
Key Terms 261
Discussion Qyestions 261
CHAPTER 12 MARXIST AND POSTMODERN
CRIMINOLOGY 267
Overview of Marx’s Theory 268
Marx on Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal
Justice 269
The Emergence of Marxist Criminology 271
Marxist Theory and Research on Crime 272
Overview of Postmodernism 275
Postmodern Criminology 277
Conclusion 279
Key Terms 280
Discussion Qyestions 280
CHAPTER 13 GENDER AND CRIME 286
The Development of Feminist Criminology 286
Schools of Feminist Criminology 288
Gender in Criminology 290
Why Are Women’s Crime Rates So Low? 292
Why Are Men’s Crime Rates So High? 294
Conclusions 297
Key Terms 298
Discussion Qyestions 2 98
CHAPTER 14 DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES 304
Contents xi
The Great Debate: Criminal Careers, Longitudinal
Research, and the Relationship Between Age and
Crime 305
Criminal Propensity Versus Criminal Career 307
The Transition to Developmental Criminology 310
Three Developmental Directions 313
Thornberry’s Interactional Theory 313
Sampson and Laub’s Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social
Control 315
Tremblay’s Developmental Origins of Physical
Aggression 318
Conclusions 319
Key Terms 320
Discussion Qyestions 320
xii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 15 INTEGRATED THEORIES 326
Elliott’s Integrated Theory of Delinquency
and Drug Use 326
The Falsification Versus Integration Debate 328
Braithwaite’s Theory of Reintegrative Shaming 329
Tittle’s Control Balance Theory 331
Coercion and Social Support 334
Bernard and Snipes’s Approach to Integrating Criminology
Theories 336
Agnew’s General Theory 338
Robinson’s Integrated Systems Theory 340
Conclusion 341
Key Terms 342
Discussion Qyestions 342
CHAPTER 16 ASSESSING CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES 347
Science, Theory, Research, and Policy 347
Individual Difference Theories 349
Structure/Process Theories 355
Theories of the Behavior of Criminal Law 361
Conclusion 364
Index 367

PREFACE
I (Jeff Snipes) had known Tom Bernard for several years prior to attending Penn State University for my undergraduate and master’s degrees. He was active in my church, and he was a friend of my family. Although I had taken an undergraduate class from him my freshman year, it wasn’t until I had a graduate course with him that I really began to get to know him well. The subject was theory, and I remember him tottering into the first seminar carrying a leaning tower of about fifteen books, as dusty as the furniture in the room. He handed out one to each of us, and the first assignment was to report back the following week with our analysis. These were the classics in criminology, and they included such titles as Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, Wayward Puritans, and Delinquents in the Making. Thus began our lessons.
We didn’t read what others had written about the great works; we read the originals ourselves and came to our own conclusions. Tom was a humble, soft-spoken, and inspiring professor, and we learned a great deal from him during that semester, and even more, when we ended the term with a blast he sponsored at a local pub.
I felt privileged when, a few years later, he asked me to coauthor an article on theoretical integration, and even more so, when he followed that up by inviting me to be a coauthor of this text (for the fourth and subsequent editions). Tom took this book over from the late George Vold, a founding figure in criminology. After Tom had assigned it when he was an instructor at Grambling University, he asked Oxford University Press if he could prepare the second edition. The text meant a tremendous deal to Tom over the years, and though at times it could weigh him down, it was one of the great prides of his career as a criminologist.
Our friendship continued to evolve over the decades we knew each other; we could always count on each other for friendly advice, an occasional affectionate bicker, and most important, to be there for each other. Tom struggled mightily and courageously with multiple episodes of cancer and his personality shone bright throughout. He was a phenomenal friend, teacher, father, husband, criminologist, and community leader. Tom passed away June 28, 2009. He is deeply missed.
This seventh edition of Theoretical Criminology is highlighted with a new chapter on theory in context, tracing the myriad explanations given to the great crime decline in the United States from the early 1990s on. It is intended to help students realize how theory can have great relevance in explaining crime trends as well as in forming policymaking. There are new sections added to the text as well, including crime in public housing, the ”warrior” gene, Operation Ceasefire, and Integrated Systems Theory. The structure of the text has changed in a manner we consider to be a substantive and instructional improvement. The chapter on the meaning of crime is dismantled and its sections parsed into other chapters. The chapter on the direct effects of poverty has been eliminated and its conclusions inserted elsewhere. Finally, throughout the text, there are some general updates reflecting contributions in the field over the past five years.
Jeff Snipes and Alex Gerould